Ref. principal | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
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Notas | Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850), also on cephalopods and fish (Ref. 26338). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1978 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Da composição da dieta | 3.73 | 0.28 | 3.62 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.66 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Crabtree, R.E., C. Stevens, D. Snodgrass and F.J. Stengard, 1998 |