Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
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Remarks | Inhabits shallow bottoms with coral or rocky formations (Ref. 13628); may be seen cropping all day long on algae (Ref. 33). Usually occurs in groups of five or more individuals. Mainly diurnal species. Feeds on algae. Herbivore (Ref. 33499, 57616). Feeding rate decreases with temperature more rapidly than the mean metabolic rate of teleost fishes (Ref. 59304). The spine on both sides of the caudal peduncle may inflict painful wounds (Ref. 5217). Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). Preferred for sand and chlorophytes and avoided phaeophytes (Ref. 55789). Predominantly inhabits forereefs (Ref. 128694). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Cleaned by Thalassoma noronhanum observed at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago off northeastern Brazil (Ref. 36301). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | grazing on aquatic plants |
Feeding habit Ref. | Clavijo, I.E., 1974 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 2.00 | 0.00 | Trophic level and s.e. inferred from exclusive plant/detritus food items. | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |