Found off the coast from 100-1000 m; juveniles found in fjords, bays and inshore waters. Normally trawled in deep water (Ref. 9988). Benthic (Ref. 5951). Feed mostly on euphausiids in summer; herrings in autumn and winter; capelins, herrings, euphausiids and ctenophores in spring. Gregarious throughout life. A slow growing species (Ref. 9988). Ovoviviparous, gonads of male and female do not mature at the same time. The spermatozoa are kept in the ovary of the female after copulation until such time that the eggs ripen paving the way for fertilization (Ref. 74488). Copulation takes place in late summer or early autumn (Ref. 35388, 34817); in winter females give birth to 50,000-350,000 pelagic larvae of 8 mm length (Ref. 35388). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
發現在來自 100-1000 公尺的海岸外; 稚魚發現於峽灣,海灣與近岸水域.。 通常在深水中拖網捕獲。 (參考文獻 9988) 底棲的.(參考文獻 5951) 在夏天大部分吃磷蝦; 秋天與冬天時的鯡魚; 在春天的 capelins ,鯡魚,磷蝦與櫛水母。 群居的整個生命期。 一個慢的增加種.(參考文獻 9988) 胎生的, 連結發生於夏末或初秋;(參考文獻 35388,34817) 雌性對 50,000-350,000個大洋性 8 mm 長度的仔魚生產冬天時。 (參考文獻 35388) 生鮮使用與冷凍; 油炸後食用, 火烤., 微波.而且燒烤.。 (參考文獻 9988)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 0.6 - 9.3, mean 3.7 (based on 1514 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00638 - 0.02986), b=3.04 (2.86 - 3.22), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.68 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (rm=0.23; K=0.06-0.08; tm=10-12; tmax=60; Fec= 19,000-350,000).
Prior r = 0.30, 95% CL = 0.20 - 0.45, Based on 5 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).