Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 22 - 100 m (Ref. 58489). Temperate
Southwest Pacific: New Zealand.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 43.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 93092); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9258)
Inhabits shallow waters, generally at depth of less than 50 m, and to around 100 m (Ref. 9258). to . Juveniles gather in sheltered inshore waters, such as estuarine areas, shallow mudflats and sandflats, where they remain for up to two years (Ref. 9072).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
More information
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 10 - 18.2, mean 14.4 (based on 39 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00671 - 0.03258), b=2.92 (2.71 - 3.13), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (tmax=6; k=0.23-0.78).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).