Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 40 - 110 m (Ref. 26938). Subtropical; 37°N - 20°N, 98°W - 75°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida and northern Gulf of Mexico in USA; south to Yucatan in Mexico.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 12.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251)
Short description
Morphology | Morphometrics
Males have first 2 dorsal spines extremely long, reaching to tip of tail.
Found from bays and estuaries to the mid-shelf. Neither anterolateral glandular grooves nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Human uses
More information
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
Age/SizeGrowthLength-weightLength-lengthLength-frequenciesMorphometricsMorphologyLarvaeLarval dynamicsRecruitmentAbundance
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsElectrophoresesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 21.1 - 27.4, mean 24 (based on 44 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00493 - 0.02329), b=2.99 (2.81 - 3.17), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).