Teleostei (teleosts) > 
Acanthuriformes (Surgeonfishes) > 
Pomacanthidae (Angelfishes)						
							
							Etymology: Pomacanthus: Greek, poma, -atos = cover, operculum + Greek, akantha = thorn (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bleeker.						
					
				
					Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range					
						Ecology					
				
				
				
					Marine;  reef-associated; non-migratory; depth range 5 - 30 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 25°N -   24°S, 72°E -   170°E				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Indo-Pacific:  Maldives to Vanuatu, north to the Yaeyama Islands; Palau and Krosae in Micronesia (Ref. 1602).
				
				 
			
			
				
					Size / Weight / Age
				
				
				
					Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 38.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9710)				
				 
			
			
						
				
				
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Found in coral rich areas of lagoons, channels, and outer reef slopes.  Often near caves (Ref. 9710).  Juveniles settle in very shallow inshore caves with algae growth (Ref. 48636).  Usually solitary.  Feeds on sponges and other encrusting organisms (Ref. 6113) and tunicates.  Occasionally exported through the aquarium trade (Ref. 48391).  Individuals under 20 cm in length are best adapted to tank life (Ref. 4907).			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
				
				
				
								
				
			
			 
				
				
				
					Myers, R.F., 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						IUCN Red List Status   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Threat to humans  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					Human uses  				
				
				
					Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial				
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
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					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (Ref. 
123201): 25 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2337 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Ref. 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5001   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03236 (0.01318 - 0.07944), b=2.88 (2.70 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Ref. 
69278):  2.7   ±0.00 se; based on food items.					
											
				
				
										
						Resilience  (Ref. 
120179):  Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100). 
🛈					
						Nutrients  (Ref. 
124155):  Calcium = 43.6 [22.1, 73.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.521 [0.313, 0.852] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [17.0, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.0881 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 31.1 [16.8, 58.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 62.1 [15.4, 227.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.33 [0.92, 1.91] mg/100g (wet weight);