分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 7.3 - 8.0; dH range: 15 - 30. 溫帶; 5°C - 20°C (Ref. 12468); 50°N - 44°N, 7°E - 20°E
Europe: Northern Adriatic basin from Livenza to Po drainages, Lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como (Italy, Switzerland). Introduced in Arno.
歐洲: 生活在義大利北部的大湖與河與在多瑙河的中上游中。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 2.0 kg (Ref. 96829); 最大年龄: 9 年 (Ref. 96829)
Distinguished from its congeners in Apennine Peninsula by having the following unique characters: peritoneum black; and breeding males with two horizontal rows of distinct and separate tubercles on side of head above eye, lower one with 8-11 tubercles, upper one with 3-6 tubercles (tubercles reddish brown in ethanol); tubercles on body and head conical, sharply pointed, pointed slightly forward, occupying about 1/3 of exposed area of scale. Can be further separated from other species of the genus in Apennine Peninsula by the combination of the following characters: 43-46 + 3 scales along lateral line; dorsal fin with 10½ branched rays; anal fin with 11½ branched rays; mouth inferior; body laterally compressed, maximum width about 50% of body depth; iris silvery; flanks golden bronze in life, marbled with darker patches; and snout conical (Ref. 59043).
Inhabits deep waters of large, subalpine lakes and large to medium sized rivers. Occurs in small groups. Feeds in invertebrates, algae and detritus. Moves to shallow parts of rivers to spawn (Ref. 59043). Threatened due to overfishing and construction of weirs, which block access to spawning sites (Ref. 59043) and the introduction of two alien species (European roach, Rutilus rutilus and European nase, Chondrostoma nasus) (Ref. 96829). Sexual maturity is attained at age 3+ or 4+ in males and 5+ in females at about 28-33 cm SL. Spawning occurs in April and May (Ref. 96829). Reaches a maximum size of about 45 cm SL (Ref. 59043).
生活在缓慢流动的河与在湖的较深的部分中。 在一般浅水区中的杂草之中产卵四月到五月时。 每个母鱼生下依据大小而定的 35,000-60,000个卵。 这一个鱼吃蠕虫，软件动物，甲壳动物与相当多量的植物。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Each female lays 35,000-60,000 eggs depending on size (Ref. 6111).歐洲: 生活在義大利北部的大湖與河與在多瑙河的中上游中。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00358 - 0.01465), b=3.14 (2.98 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.38 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
