分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Perciformes/Percoidei (Perchs)
鱸形目 (Perchs) >
Percidae (Perches)
鱸科 (Perches) > Etheostomatinae
Etymology: Percina: Latin, diminutive of perch = perch (Ref. 45335); kusha: The specific name, kusha, is the Choctaw Indian name for cane or canebrake and is the origin
of the name of the Coosa River (Foscue 1989) (Ref. 58738).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性. 溫帶; 35°N - 32°N, 87°W - 85°W
North America: United States of America. Percina kusha is restricted to the headwaters of the Coosa River in Georgia and Tennessee. It occurs in the main channel of the upper reaches of the Conasauga River in Murray and Whitfield counties, Georgia, and Bradley and Polk counties, Tennessee. It is also known from short reaches of three tributaries to the Conasauga River: Holly Creek, Murray County, Georgia; and Ball Play and Minnewauga creeks, Polk County, Tennessee. In the Etowah River it occurs in the main channel in Dawson and Lumpkin counties, Georgia, and in several tributaries: Amicalola, Little Amicalola, Cochran and Shoal creeks, Dawson County, Georgia (Ref. 58738).
北美洲: 美國。 Percina kusha 在喬治亞州與田納西州被侷限於可薩河的河川源頭。 它在默里與 Whitfield 縣，喬治亞州與布拉德利與 Polk 縣，田納西州出現於 Conasauga 河的上游的主要峽道中。 也它是已知來自短範圍三 Conasauga 河的支流: 冬青屬植物小溪，默里縣, 喬治亞州; 而且球遊戲與 Minnewauga 小溪， Polk 縣，田納西州。 在 Etowah 河中，它在道生與 Lumpkin 縣，喬治亞州出現於主要的峽道中, 與在一些支流中: Amicalola ，很少 Amicalola ， Cochran 與淺灘小溪，道生縣，喬治亞州.(參考文獻 58738)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 6.5 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 58738)
簡短描述
型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Percina kusha is distinguished from all other described species of Percina by a combination of the following characteristics: absence of bright colors on body and fins of adults; no orange band in spinous dorsal fin; no broad vertical bands on body extending dorsally across the back joining those of the other side; 7–11 lateral blotches connected to form a continuous dark brown to black lateral stripe with undulating margins; lateral stripe continuous with large, quadrate basicaudal blotch that extends onto base of caudal fin rays; small, dark blotch on upper and lower portion of caudal fin base, dorsal blotch typically darker; body below lateral stripe white to cream colored, without dark blotches, dusky in breeding males; suborbital bar absent or very poorly developed; lateral line complete, typically no pored scales on base of caudal fin; males with row of modified scales on midline of belly and one or two modified scales between base of pelvic fins; modified breast scale absent; nuptial tubercles absent; anal fin of breeding males not excessively elongate; males without caudal keel as a ventral extension of the caudal peduncle; snout not projecting beyond anterior margin of upper jaw; well-developed premaxillary frenum; serrae on margin of preopercle absent; branchiostegal membranes overlapping or very narrowly joined (Ref. 58738).
Percina kusha 被下列特性的一個組合與全部其他被描述的 Percina 的種區分: 缺乏成魚是在身體與鰭上的鮮豔的色彩; 在刺狀的背鰭沒有橘色的條紋; 沒有在橫過背面延伸結合另一個的側邊的背部的身體上的寬的垂直條紋; 7-11 側部斑塊用波浪形的邊緣相連形成一條連續的深褐色的到黑色的側面斑紋了; 側面的斑紋與在尾鰭基底鰭條之上延伸的大又正方形的基尾骨斑塊續接在一起; 小的, 在尾鰭基底的上、下部分上的黑色斑塊, 背部的斑塊典型比較深色的; 在側面的斑紋白色到乳黃色的色彩之下的身體,沒有深色的斑塊, 暗色的在繁殖期的雄性中; 眶下骨橫帶不存在或非常發展不良的; 側線完整, 在尾鰭基底上的典型沒有有細孔的鱗片; 在腹鰭基底之間的腹面與一或二個變異的鱗片的中線上雄性有變異鱗片的列; 變異的胸部鱗片不存在; 珠星不存在; 繁殖期的雄性的臀鰭不過度地延長; 沒有尾部的龍骨脊的雄性作為一個尾梗的腹延長; 吻不是突出超過上頜的前緣; 發展良好的上頜骨前的繫帶; 在前鰓蓋骨的邊緣上的鋸齒不存在; 鰓蓋薄膜部分重疊的或非常狹窄地結合.(參考文獻 58738)
Etnier & Starnes (1991) considered the conservation status of Percina kusha to be endangered, like two other Percina species endemic to the upper Coosa River system, P. antesella and P. jenkinsi. In a review of conservation status of fishes in Georgia, Freeman (1999) assigned a status of rare (a species in need of protection because of its scarcity) to populations in Georgia. Warren et al. (2000) and Freeman et al. (2005) both regarded P. kusha as vulnerable (any taxon that may become endangered or threatened by relatively minor disturbance to its habitat). Based on the authors' sampling and snorkeling observations, P. kusha appears to be a species that naturally occurs in low abundance, at least when compared to sympatric congeners such as P. nigrofasciata and P. palmaris. We do not know, however, what the actual range of the species was prior to European colonization. Its association with slow-flowing habitats suggests P. kusha could have occurred throughout the Conasauga and Etowah rivers, and possibly in the geographically intermediate Coosawattee River, below the gorge now impounded by Carters Dam and Reservoir. Considering its very limited distribution in portions of two small rivers and threats to its habitat from municipal and industrial development and forestry and agriculture activities the authors consider P. kusha to be endangered (Ref. 58738).
認為 Percina kusha 的保護狀態的 Etnier& Starnes(1991) 是瀕臨絕種的, 像其他二個 Percina 種的特有種上面的可薩河流域, P. antesella 與 P. jenkinsi.
在喬治亞州的魚的保護狀態的檢討，弗里曼 (1999) 分配.狀態稀有的 (一個種
需要保護由於它的缺乏) 對在喬治亞州中的族群。 華倫等人。 (2000) 而且弗里曼
等人。 (2005) 兩者都把 P. kusha 視為易受傷害的 (任何的可能變成瀕臨絕種的分類單元或受到威脅的由於
到它的棲息地的相當較小的擾亂). 以抽樣調查和浮潛觀察的作家的為依據, P. kusha 狀似一個自然地出現於低的豐度中的種, 至少當相較於分佈區重疊的同類例如 P. nigrofasciata 與 P. palmaris. 我們不知道,然而, 什麼真實範圍的此魚種在歐洲的移殖之前。 它的鄰近緩慢流動的棲息地意味著 P. kusha 可能出現在 Conasauga 與 Etowah 河各處, 與可能地在地理中間的 Coosawattee 河中, 在現在被卡特水壩與水庫關在欄中的峽谷之下。 就它的而論
在二個小的河與的威脅部分中的非常有限制的分布它的棲息地從市政與工業的
發展與林產與農業活動作家考慮 P. kusha 是瀕臨絕種的.(參考文獻 58738)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
北美洲: 美國。 Percina kusha 在喬治亞州與田納西州被侷限於可薩河的河川源頭。 它在默里與 Whitfield 縣，喬治亞州與布拉德利與 Polk 縣，田納西州出現於 Conasauga 河的上游的主要峽道中。 也它是已知來自短範圍三 Conasauga 河的支流: 冬青屬植物小溪，默里縣, 喬治亞州; 而且球遊戲與 Minnewauga 小溪， Polk 縣，田納西州。 在 Etowah 河中，它在道生與 Lumpkin 縣，喬治亞州出現於主要的峽道中, 與在一些支流中: Amicalola ，很少 Amicalola ， Cochran 與淺灘小溪，道生縣，喬治亞州.(參考文獻 58738)
Williams, J.D., D.A. Neely, S.J. Walsh and N.M. Burkhead, 2007. Three new percid fishes (Percidae: Percina) from the Mobile Basin drainage ofAlabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. Zootaxa 1549:1-28. (Ref. 58738)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)); Date assessed: 19 April 2012
人類使用
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00537 (0.00235 - 0.01227), b=3.14 (2.94 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
