Torpedo marmorata, Marbled electric ray : aquarium
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Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810

Marbled electric ray
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Torpedo marmorata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Torpedo marmorata (Marbled electric ray)
Torpedo marmorata
Picture by Patzner, R.

Classificação / Names Nomes comuns | Sinônimos | Catalog of Fishes(Gênero, Espécies) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias) (sharks and rays) > Torpediniformes (Electric rays) > Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Risso.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marinhas; estuarina associadas(os) a recifes; intervalo de profundidade 2 - 370 m (Ref. 4430). Subtropical; ? - 20°C (Ref. 10011); 60°N - 34°S, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)

Distribuição Países | Áreas da FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Point map | Introduções | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: northern UK (less common in southern North Sea and Kattegat) to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Also in the Mediterranean Sea.

Comprimento de primeira maturação / Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturity: Lm 44.0, range 39 - 49 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 27000); common length : 60.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 114953); peso máx. publicado: 3.0 kg (Ref. 35388)

Descrição suscinta Morfologia | Morfometria

Espinhos dorsais (total): 0; Espinhos anais 0; Raios anais : 0; Vértebras: 104 - 108. Disc-width around the same as its length, length and width 1,50 to 1,70 times in total length; dorsal fins more or less rounded, its base 1,50 times in its height (Ref. 39215).

Biologia     Glossário (p.ex. epibenthic)

Occurs in seagrass areas, rocky reefs, and adjacent soft bottoms (Ref. 12951). Avoids temperatures above 20°C (Ref. 10011). Nocturnal, usually burying itself during the day with only the eyes and spiracle jutting out (Ref. 12382). Feeds on small benthic fishes Trachurus, Mugil, Mullus, Dicentrarchus, Spondyliosoma, Boops, Labrus, Dascyllus, Pomacentrus) and crustaceans (Ref. 10011). Females outlive males; viviparous, neonates measuring 10-14 cm at birth (Ref. 10426). Produces 2-32 pups in a litter after a 10-month gestation (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Males reaches maturity at ca. 30 cm TL, females at ca. 40 cm TL; born at 10-14 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Electrocytes start developing when the embryo weighs about 1 g; electric organs functional before birth and newborns can use their electric organ discharge (EOD) in capturing prey (Ref. 10428). Can produce electric discharges of up to 200 volts; EOD frequency up to 600 Hz. Jumps on fast-moving prey, paralyzing it with its EOD (Ref. 27000).

Ciclo de vida ou comportamento de acasalamento Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador : Carvalho, Marcelo | Colaboradores

Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)

Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435)

  Vulnerável, ver Livro Vermelho da UICN (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 31 August 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Ameaça para os humanos

Other (Ref. 4690)





Uso pelos humanos

Pescarias: sem interesse; Aquário: Aquários públicos
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 10.1 - 19.2, mean 14.1 °C (based on 392 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5005   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01820 (0.01478 - 0.02241), b=2.93 (2.87 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278):  4.5   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliência (Ref. 120179):  Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (Fec=5-32).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 5.92 [0.80, 27.36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.378 [0.092, 1.074] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [14.9, 22.8] %; Omega3 = 0.27 [0.11, 0.65] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [4.2, 42.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 63.8 [17.2, 235.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.555 [0.260, 1.159] mg/100g (wet weight);