分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 7.0 - ? ; dH range: 10 - ?; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - ? m (Ref. 30578). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 68°N - 35°N, 6°W - 60°E
Europe and Asia: most of Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Emba. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic and Aegean basins (except Maritza drainage), Italy, Ireland, Great Britain (except southeast), Norway and Scandinavia north of 67°N, Caspian basin south of Volga. In Anatolia, Marmara basin. Locally introduced in Spain, Portugal and Italy. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction.
歐洲: 法國到烏拉河與 Emba.(參考文獻 33550) 記錄來自義大利 (參考文獻 27118) 與希臘了。 (參考文獻 27610) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 9.9, range 9 - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 30578); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 30578); 最大体重: 60.00 g (Ref. 30578)
背棘 (总数): 2 - 4; 背的软条 (总数): 7-9; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 14 - 20; 脊椎骨: 41 - 44. Diagnosed from congeners in Europe by the possession of the following characters: origin of anal fin below branched dorsal rays 4-5; lateral line with 45-48 + 3 scales; anal fin with 17-20½ branched rays; 16-22 gill rakers; ventral keel exposed from anus to pelvic base; lateral stripe absent in life, faint or absent in preserved specimens; and mouth slightly superior (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196). Also Ref. 40476.
尾鳍有 19个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196) 也参考文献 40476.
Inhabits open waters of lakes and medium to large rivers. Forms large aggregations in backwaters and other still waters during winter. Adults occur in shoals near the surface. Larvae live in littoral zone of rivers and lakes while juveniles leave shores and occupy a pelagic habitat, feeding on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on the water surface (Ref. 59043). Feeds mainly on plankton, including crustaceans (Ref. 30578) and insects (Ref. 9696). Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation (Ref. 59043). Excellent as bait for carnivorous fishes. May be captured using the smallest hook and a fly as bait. Its flesh is tasty (Ref. 30578). Of little interest to commercial or sport fisheries in its native range because of its small size (Ref. 1739). Scales were previously utilized in making Essence d"Orient, a coating for artificial pearls (Ref. 59043).
出现于浅滩接近水表面。 主要吃浮游生物, 包括甲壳动物 (参考文献 30578) 与昆虫。 (参考文献 9696) 优良的当作钓肉食性的鱼的鱼饵。 可以用最小的钩与用毛钩当饵捕获。 它的肉是好吃的。 (参考文献 30578) 在它的原产地的经济渔业或游钓渔业对它少有兴趣由于它的体型小.(参考文献 1739)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Eggs hatch in about 4 days (Ref. 59043). 歐洲: 法國到烏拉河與 Emba.(參考文獻 33550) 記錄來自義大利 (參考文獻 27118) 與希臘了。 (參考文獻 27610) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52/Suppl. 5:1-271. (Ref. 13696)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 商业性; 诱饵: usually
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.声音神经毒速度泳型鳃区Otoliths脑重体重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00485 - 0.00652), b=3.12 (3.09 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.29 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2-3; K=0.19; tmax=7; Fec=1,500).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.3 [38.4, 133.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.46 [0.27, 0.84] mg/100g; Protein = 16.7 [15.1, 18.1] %; Omega3 = 0.697 [0.310, 1.491] g/100g; Selenium = 9.19 [4.33, 19.16] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.5 [14.0, 121.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.965 [0.689, 1.367] mg/100g (wet weight);
