Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ; ນ້ຳກ່ອຍ ກ່ຽວກັບ (ຢູ່)ເທິງຊັ້ນພື້ນດິນໃນທະເລເປີດ; ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍໃນສະເພາະມາະຫາສະມຸດ (Ref. 3688); ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 1 - 200 m (Ref. 4781), usually 30 - 50 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical; 45°N - 17°S, 19°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal and Strait of Gibraltar to Angola, including the Mediterranean.
Length at first maturity / ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
Maturity: Lm 18.7, range 17 - 23 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 4781); common length : 50.0 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 4781); ນ້ຳໜັກສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍຈັດພີມມາ: 11.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Generally found in hard bottoms (rocks and rubble), the older individuals in the deeper part of the range, the young in inshore areas. Feed mainly on bivalves and also on crustaceans and fish. Sexual maturity at 2 years old. Spawning migration occurs parallel to the coast with intermittent spawning between spring and autumn over soft bottoms in shallow waters (Ref. 3688).
Life cycle and mating behavior
ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ | ການສືບພັນ | ການວາງໄຂ່ | ໄຂ່ | ຄວາມດົກຂອງໄຂ່ປາ | ຕົວອ່ອນ
A different diagnosis of sexual pattern may arise for this species brought about by geographical variations (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 41163.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
ການປະມົງ: ເປັນສີນຄ້າ; ຊະນິດປາທີ່ຖືກນຳໃຊ້ເຂົ້າໃນການຫາເພື່ອເປັນເກມກິລາ: ແມ່ນ
ເຄື່ອງມື
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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 25.2, mean 17.5 °C (based on 97 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01995 (0.01695 - 0.02348), b=2.95 (2.91 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (Ref.
120179): ຂະໜາດກາງ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າ 1.4 - 4.4 ປີ (K=0.28; tmax=10; tm=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 37.1 [17.3, 70.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.04 [0.30, 2.90] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.1, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.253 [0.138, 0.453] g/100g; Selenium = 39 [17, 80] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.42 [1.82, 28.09] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.592 [0.297, 1.251] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
