Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser benthopelagisch; tiefenbereich 20 - 150 m (Ref. 27121). Subtropical; 17°S - 36°S
Southeast Atlantic: Namibia (Ref. 27121) and South Africa to Beira, Mozambique (Ref. 3198).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 20.4  range ? - 26 cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3669); common length : 27.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 3507)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt): 12; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt): 10; Afterflossenstacheln 3; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 8. Lips furry.
Found in coastal waters, over soft bottoms (Ref. 27121). Forms large schools (Ref. 5213). Sold fresh.
Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, e.g., Ref. 34231 describe this species as being a gonochorist (Ref. 28504). After clarificatory analyses on the protogynous characteristics (Ref. 7124) of this species, gonochorism is confirmed (Ref. 103751).
Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3507)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell
Mehr Information
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.4 - 25.2, mean 18.5 °C (based on 33 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01660 (0.00997 - 0.02764), b=3.05 (2.91 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert 4,5 - 14 Jahre. (K=0.13-0.19; tm=6-7; tmax=11).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 55.3 [30.5, 101.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.825 [0.468, 1.410] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.385 [0.264, 0.575] g/100g; Selenium = 29.6 [14.6, 55.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [5.9, 63.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.805 [0.574, 1.140] mg/100g (wet weight);