分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: Pteroplatytrygon: Greek, pteron = wing, fin + Greek,platys = flat + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref. 45335); violacea: From the Latin 'viola' meaning violet..
More on author: Bonaparte.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 深度上下限 1 - 381 m (Ref. 58302), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 55209). 亞熱帶的; 52°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55209)
Probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. Eastern Pacific: Reported from Vancouver (Ref. 11980), from California (USA), Baja California (Mexico) to Chile, and the Galapagos Is. (Ref. 9068). Western Atlantic (Ref. 7251). Eastern Atlantic: Southeastern coasts of the Mediterranean and off Sicily; Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Indian Ocean.
可能世界在熱帶與亞熱帶的海洋中。 東大西洋: 地中海與外海的西西里島的東南方海岸。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 東太平洋: 加州 (美國) ，下加利福尼亞 (墨西哥), 與加拉巴哥群島報告外海的溫哥華 (參考文獻 11980) 與從智利.(參考文獻 9068) 西大西洋.(參考文獻 7251) 有來自非洲南部的 4個記錄。 (參考文獻 11228)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 96.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 48844); common length : 80.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9254)
A thick, dark stingray with a broadly rounded snout and an angular pectoral disc; tail less than twice body length with a long lower caudal finfold ending far in front of tail tip, but with no upper finfold; disc without thorns; usually 1 extremely long sting on tail; eyes do not protrude (Ref. 5578). Uniformly violet, purple, or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally (Ref. 3263). No prominent markings (Ref. 3263).
一個厚又深色的魟寬廣地具有一個圓形的吻與一個有角的胸盤; 尾部小於兩倍體長具有一個長的下尾部的鰭褶終止於尾部頂端前面, 但是沒有上面的鰭褶; 體盤沒有刺; 通常在尾部上的 1個非常長的刺; 眼不伸出。 (參考文獻 5578) 均勻紫羅蘭色﹐紫色的﹐或深藍綠色背面而且腹地.(參考文獻 3263) 沒有突出的斑紋.(參考文獻 3263)
Found in open, tropical and warm temperate waters usually in the first 100 m. Possibly the only totally pelagic member of the family (Ref. 6871). Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans, and fish. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Common catch of the pelagic tuna (and shark) longline and gillnet fisheries (drift, Ref. 75025) operating throughout the region (Ref. 58048); also by purse-seine and bottom trawls (Ref. 75025). Utilized for its meat and sometimes cartilage (Ref.58048). Total length 110 TL (80 cm WD) (Ref. 9254).
發現於了開放又熱帶與溫帶的水域通常在第一個 100 公尺。 可能地該科的唯一的完全大洋性成員.(參考文獻 6871) 吃腔腸動物 (包括水母) ，烏賊，十足目甲殼動物與魚。 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 在尾部上的有毒的棘。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). With 2 (Ref.58048) to 9 young born at 15-25 cm WD (Ref. 26346); after a gestation period of 4 months (Ref.58048). 可能世界在熱帶與亞熱帶的海洋中。 東大西洋: 地中海與外海的西西里島的東南方海岸。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 東太平洋: 加州 (美國) ，下加利福尼亞 (墨西哥), 與加拉巴哥群島報告外海的溫哥華 (參考文獻 11980) 與從智利.(參考文獻 9068) 西大西洋.(參考文獻 7251) 有來自非洲南部的 4個記錄。 (參考文獻 11228)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 November 2018
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12 - 28.6, mean 24.8 °C (based on 5148 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (K=0.18 (captivity); Fec=1-9 (could probably have 2 litters per year)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.5 [4.9, 91.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.96 [0.25, 2.71] mg/100g; Protein = 22.8 [19.9, 25.8] %; Omega3 = 0.354 [0.107, 1.041] g/100g; Selenium = 20.5 [5.9, 52.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.6 [5.9, 43.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.475 [0.235, 0.879] mg/100g (wet weight);
