分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Osmeriformes (Freshwater smelts)
胡瓜魚目 (Freshwater smelts) >
Osmeridae (Smelts)
胡瓜魚科 (Smelts)
Etymology: Hypomesus: Greek, hypo = under + Greek,mesos = a half (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Girard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性. 溫帶; 61°N - 33°N, 163°W - 117°W
Eastern Pacific: Prince William Sound, Gulf of Alaska to Long Beach, southern California, USA. Reports from the western Pacific are misidentifications of Hypomesus japonicus.
東太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加灣到長堤市，美國的南加州。 報告從西太平洋是 Hypomesus japonicus 的誤鑑。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 9 - ? cm
Max length : 30.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6885); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 72502)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 9-11; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 17; 脊椎骨: 64 - 67. Vomer small, without posterior process; periphery of glossohyal bone with single row of blunt teeth, a few teeth located irregularly at center of distal region; base of adipose fin less than 20% of head length; eye small; adipose eyelid well developed (Ref. 33312). Distinguished by its midlateral scale count of 66 to 73 and the presence of 4 to 7 pyloric caeca (Ref. 27547). Lateral line short and incomplete, reaching about to tip of pectorals (Ref. 27547). Adipose sickle-shaped; pectorals small; pelvic fins originating behind or below dorsal origin (Ref. 6885). Light olive green to brownish on back, sides and belly silvery and iridescent with a bright reflecting band along the side in living specimens; males show more golden hues than females during spawning season (Ref. 6885). Branchiostegal rays: 7-8 (Ref. 35792).
犛骨小的, 沒有在後部的突起; 上舌骨的外圍有單列的鈍齒，在末梢部區域的中心被不規則地設置的一些齒; 脂鰭的基底少於 20% 的頭長; 眼小的; 脂眼瞼發展良好的.(參考文獻 33312) 區別的特徵為它的側面中央鱗片計數了 66 到 73 與那有 4 到 7個幽門的盲腸.(參考文獻 27547) 側線短與不完全的, 對胸鰭頂端大約達到.(參考文獻 27547) 脂肪的鐮刀-形狀的; 胸鰭小的; 腹鰭後面或在背鰭起點之下開始.(參考文獻 6885) 淡的橄欖綠色的到褐色的背面, 側邊與腹面銀色而彩虹色的具有一個明亮的反映條紋在活的標本中沿著側邊; 雄性在產卵季節的時候超過雌性顯示更多的金色。 (參考文獻 6885) 鰓條骨: 7-8.(參考文獻 35792)
Individuals 3.5 cm may ascend rivers, presumably returning to the sea shortly after (Ref. 27547). Presumably young move offshore and reappear inshore as mature adults (Ref. 27547). At sea, they feed on small crustaceans, worms and jellyfish, as well as larval fishes (Ref. 6885, 10276). Females reach age 3, males age 2 (Ref. 27547). Oviparous, with demersal eggs and planktonic larvae (Ref. 35792). Eggs are laid on beaches with heavy surf action (Ref. 33312).
個體 3.5 公分可能上溯到河, 可能回到海洋在.之後不久 (參考文獻 27547) 推測為幼魚移動外海而且再出現如成熟的成魚沿海地區.(參考文獻 27547) 在海上，他們吃小型甲殼動物，蠕蟲與水母, 以及仔魚.(參考文獻 6885,10276) 雌性達到 3 歲，雄性 2 歲。 (參考文獻 27547) 卵生的，具有沉性卵與浮游生物仔魚.(參考文獻 35792) 卵以大浪行動在海灘上生產。 (參考文獻 33312)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Schools approach the beach to spawn, usually with the females appearing a few days before the males. At spawning, large numbers of males mill about near the edge of the surf. When a female is seen, numbers of males pursue her and try to get into spawning position. If she swims to deeper water, the males desert her. 1 to 5 males swim parallel to and slightly behind a ripe female. The males press against the female and as they reach water 2.5 to 5 cm deep, the fish bend and vibrate, releasing eggs and sperm, then retreat to deeper water. The spawning act may be repeated on several successive waves. Wave action buries the eggs, usually to a depth of 2.5 to10 cm but sometimes to as deep as 30 cm (Ref. 27547).東太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加灣到長堤市，美國的南加州。 報告從西太平洋是 Hypomesus japonicus 的誤鑑。
Saruwatari, T., J.A. López and T.W. Pietsch, 1997. A revision of the ormerid genus Hypomesus Gill (Teleostei: Salmoniformes), with a description of a new species from the southern Kuril Islands. Species Diversity 2:59-82. (Ref. 33312)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
更多資訊
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.5 - 11.8, mean 8.6 °C (based on 58 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00182 - 0.00758), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.41 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-2; tmax=5; Fec=1,320).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 54.4 [24.8, 135.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.415 [0.193, 1.044] mg/100g; Protein = 16.9 [13.6, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.633 [0.287, 1.428] g/100g; Selenium = 12.8 [5.8, 26.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 29.8 [11.0, 84.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.771 [0.517, 1.176] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
