分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Salmoniformes (Salmons)
鮭形目 (Salmons) >
Salmonidae (Salmonids)
鮭科 (Salmonids) > Salmoninae
Etymology: Oncorhynchus: Greek, onyx, -ychos = nail + Greek, rhyngchos = snout (Ref. 45335); kisutch: Most probably a typo in the emendada p720 for kisutch, which is the vernacular name of this fish in Kamtchatka (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 大洋性; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 250 m (Ref. 50550). 溫帶; 0°C - 25°C (Ref. 35682); 72°N - 22°N, 135°E - 111°W (Ref. 117423)
North Pacific: distributed from the Anadyr River in Russia south towards Hokkaido, Japan, and from Point Hope in Alaska southwards to Chamalu Bay in Baja California, Mexico.
北太平洋: 分佈了在俄國對於日本北海道的南方從 Anadyr 河, 而且從在阿拉斯加州的點希望在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞向南至 Chamalu 海灣。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 108 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 65.5 cm (female); common length : 71.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 593); common length :59.5 cm (female); 最大體重: 15.2 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 36794)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 9-13; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 17; 脊椎骨: 61 - 69. Characterized by the presence of small black spots on the back and on the upper lobe of the caudal fin, and by the lack of dark pigment along the gum line of the lower jaw (Ref. 27547). The gill rakers are rough and widely spaced; the lateral line is nearly straight (Ref. 27547). The adipose fin is slender; the pelvic fins have an axillary extension (Ref. 27547). Fish in the sea are dark metallic blue or greenish on the back and upper sides, a brilliant silver color on middle and lower sides, and white below; small black spots are present on the back and upper sides and on the upper lobe of the caudal fin (Ref. 27547). During the spawning season fish turn dark to bright green on head and back, bright red on the sides, and often dark on the belly (Ref. 27547). Females are less brightly colored than males (Ref. 27547).
特徵為出現在背部上的小黑色的斑點了與在尾鰭的上葉上, 而且藉由沒有深色的沿著下面頜的樹膠線.(參考文獻 27547) 鰓耙是粗糙而空隙大的; 側線是幾乎是直的。 (參考文獻 27547) 脂鰭是細長的; 腹鰭有一個腋窩的延長。 (參考文獻 27547) 在海洋的魚是深色的鐵藍色或呈綠色的在背部與上側面上, 一亮銀色在中下游的側邊上, 與腹面白色的; 小的黑色斑點在背部與上側面與尾鰭的上葉上出現。 (參考文獻 27547) 在產卵季節魚的時候在頭部與背部上對明亮的綠色變深色的, 鮮紅色側邊上, 與時常深色的在腹面上.(參考文獻 27547) 雌性不比雄性色彩鮮豔。 (參考文獻 27547)
The fish occur in the ocean or in lakes; adults return to the rivers where they were born (Ref. 27547). The young fish emerge in springtime and they usually live in fresh water for 1-2 years (sometimes up to 4 years, Ref. 27547); later they migrate at night to freshwater lakes or to the sea (Ref. 1998). Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). The fish that stay more than two years in fresh water and become sexually ripe without ever going to sea, are called residuals; they never spawn (Ref. 27547). Young fish in lakes and rivers eat mainly insects; they stay almost entirely in deep parts of the river and soon become strongly territorial (Ref. 27547). Upon reaching the sea, the smolts remain close to the coast for a certain time, eating planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 27547). As they grow, they migrate farther out into the sea and hunt larger organisms (Ref. 27547) such as jellyfish, squids and fishes (Ref. 58426). They are hunted by various fishes, birds (mergansers, loons and kingfishers), mammals and lampreys (Ref. 1998). This kind is traded as fresh fish, dried or salted, smoked, canned, preserved and frozen (Ref. 9988). They are steamed, grilled, broiled, cooked in the microwave and baked (Ref. 9988).
魚出現在海洋或在湖中; 成魚回到河在那裡它們出生.(參考文獻 27547) 幼魚魚在春天浮現，而且他們通常對於 1-2 年生活於淡水;(有時超過 4 個數年, 參考文獻 27547) 稍後他們移動在晚上到淡水湖泊或到海洋。 (參考文獻 1998) 表層帶.(參考文獻 58426) 在淡水中停留超過二年而且變成性成熟的魚曾經沒有去海洋, 被稱為剩餘; 他們從不產卵。 (參考文獻 27547) 在湖與河的幼魚主要地吃昆蟲; 他們幾乎完全地留在河的深部份而且很快變成強烈具有領域性。 (參考文獻 27547) 當達到海洋, 兩歲大的小鮭魚保持對於特定的時間接近海岸, 吃的浮游性甲殼動物.(參考文獻 27547) 當他們生長, 他們進入海洋之內在外更遠的移動而且狩獵較大的生物 (參考文獻 27547) 例如水母，烏賊與魚.(參考文獻 58426) 他們被各種不同魚，鳥 (秋沙鴨，潛鳥與魚狗) ，哺乳動物與八目鰻狩獵。 (參考文獻 1998) 這一個類型被交易如新鮮的魚, 乾燥或鹽醃, 煙燻,裝於罐頭, 保護與冷凍的.(參考文獻 9988) 他們被蒸,燒烤,火烤, 在微波與燒烤煮。 (參考文獻 9988) 漁場已經恐怕最好被估計而且檢定處理與足以支撐的 (海洋的總管職務會議, http://www.msc.org/).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Adults migrate from the sea or lake, school at mouths of rivers, and move upstream when rains increase river flow (Ref. 1998). As a rule, the winter entries (December and January) occur in the southern part of the range, with appearance in fresh water becoming progressively earlier to the north (Ref. 30381, 30382, 30383). At the spawning area, the female finds a spot and digs a pitt. At this point she is aggressive toward other females. While digging, an attendant male courts her or is busy driving away other males. As soon as the pitt is completed, the female drops into it and is immediately followed by the male. The pair are side by side, they open their mouth, quiver and release egg and sperm (Ref. 27547). At this point, other males move in and release sperm into the nest (Ref. 1998). The female quickly moves to the upstream edge of the nest and starts digging a new pitt, covering the eggs. The whole process is repeated for several days until the female deposits all her eggs. The male then leaves and may seek another female. The spent female usually continues to dig, until she dies (Ref. 27547).
Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).北太平洋: 分佈了在俄國對於日本北海道的南方從 Anadyr 河, 而且從在阿拉斯加州的點希望在墨西哥的下加利福尼亞向南至 Chamalu 海灣。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1 - 8.9, mean 3.9 °C (based on 453 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00482 - 0.02276), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.98(?); tm=2-4; Fec=1,400).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.55, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.9 [13.0, 81.4] mg/100g; Iron = 1.24 [0.62, 2.64] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.6, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 1.13 [0.55, 2.34] g/100g; Selenium = 161 [50, 502] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12 [3, 42] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.543 [0.347, 1.065] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
