Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ ກ່ຽວກັນຫີນ; ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 1 - 801 m (Ref. 58348), usually 100 - 300 m (Ref. 58348). Subtropical; 52°N - 13°N, 32°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: south of British Isles to Senegal, including the Mediterranean, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde.
Length at first maturity / ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
Maturity: Lm 75.5, range 69 - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 12382); common length : 80.0 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 3397); ນ້ຳໜັກສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍຈັດພີມມາ: 6.5 kg (Ref. 58348); ອາຍຸສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍລາຍງານມາ: 38 ປີ (Ref. 58348)
A nocturnal and territorial species (Ref. 12382), commonly lurking in holes, and writhing snakelike through crevices, under rocks or corals. Feeds on fish, crabs and squid (Ref. 12382). It seldom attacks unless provoked (Ref. 3256). A gonochoristic species (Ref. 32169). Utilized fresh and eaten broiled, boiled and baked; the skin can be used for leather (Ref. 9987).
Migrate to offshore waters to spawn (Ref. 98745).
Smith, D.G. and E.B. Böhlke, 1990. Muraenidae. p. 136-148. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4450)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4690)
Human uses
ການປະມົງ: ທີ່ເປັນການຄ້າໜ້ອຍ; ຕູ້ປາ: ບ່ອນວາງສະແດງສັນນ້ຳຂອງລັດ
ເຄື່ອງມື
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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.1 - 16.2, mean 14.4 °C (based on 181 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00056 (0.00048 - 0.00066), b=3.27 (3.23 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (Ref.
120179): ຕຳ່ຫຼາຍ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າຫຼາຍກວ່າ 14 ປີ (tmax=38.1; tm=7.1; K=0.078).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.6 [5.8, 23.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.433 [0.231, 0.841] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.0, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.193 [0.077, 0.603] g/100g; Selenium = 40.8 [19.0, 84.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 42.5 [12.0, 154.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.452 [0.295, 0.682] mg/100g (wet weight);
