分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: More on authors: Hildebrand & Schroeder.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 53 m (Ref. 13608), usually ? - 4 m (Ref. 55205). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 4°S, 100°W - 37°W (Ref. 55205)
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil, including the Antilles (Ref. 3168).
西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 81.3, range 75 - 80 cm
Max length : 200 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3168); common length : 90.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3168); 最大體重: 135.6 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 28 年 (Ref. 53968)
Disk has sharp outer corners and irregular row of short spines on upper surface (Ref. 26938). Disk usually uniform dark brown above, grayer in young. Ventral finfold on tail long and high, dorsal finfold absent (Ref. 7251). Upper surface of disc gray, dark or olivaceous brown or olive green. Lower surface of disc white or whitish with an edging of gray or brown (Ref. 6902).
圓盤在上表皮上有銳利的外角與不規則的矮棘列。 (參考文獻 26938) 圓盤通常背面全深褐色的, 比較灰色的當幼魚時。 在尾部上的腹面鰭褶長與高又背部的鰭褶不存在.(參考文獻 7251) 體盤的上表面灰色的﹐黑的或橄欖褐色或橄欖綠色的。 體盤下表面白色的或微白色的具有一個灰色的邊緣或褐色.(參考文獻 6902)
Found on sandy bottoms, seagrass beds, lagoons and the reef face (Ref. 12951). Common in bays and estuaries (Ref. 7251). Observed singly, in pairs and in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Buries in the sand during the day and forages at night, usually in seagrass beds (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bivalves and worms and also takes shrimps, crabs and small fishes (Ref. 3168). Feeds by creating depressions in the sand to expose invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9710). Ovoviviparous, with 3-4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). May be found in cleaning stations where they are attended to by the bluehead wrasse and Spanish hogfish (Ref. 12951). Equipped with a well-developed serrated spine and capable of inflicting a painful laceration. Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710).
棲息於砂質底部，海草床，潟湖與礁面了。 (參考文獻 12951) 常見於海灣與河口。 (參考文獻 7251) 各別地觀察, 成對與聚集成群.(參考文獻 12951) 埋藏在沙子中在白天期間而且覓食在晚上, 通常在海草床.(參考文獻 12951) 主要吃二枚貝與蠕蟲以及捕食蝦類，螃蟹與小魚.(參考文獻 3168) 藉由製造凹陷在砂中暴露無脊椎動物與小魚的吃.(參考文獻 9710) 卵胎生的, 有三至四個一胎.(參考文獻 12951) 可能被發現於清潔的區域在那裡它們被藍頭魚隆頭魚與西班牙的狐鯛伴隨著.(參考文獻 12951) 具有了鋸齒狀的棘一個發展良好的與能夠施放令人痛苦的撕裂。 藉著潛水者容易接近。 (參考文獻 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Male mounts on female dorsally (Ref. 12951).西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 21 June 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.7 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 795 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=28; Fec=3-4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.41 [0.65, 23.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.355 [0.083, 0.950] mg/100g; Protein = 24.6 [21.7, 27.3] %; Omega3 = 0.145 [0.039, 0.464] g/100g; Selenium = 13.9 [4.1, 41.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.8 [6.4, 64.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.592 [0.287, 1.207] mg/100g (wet weight);
