分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Gonorynchiformes (Milkfishes)
鼠□目 (Milkfishes) >
Kneriidae (Shellears)
克奈魚科 (Shellears)
Etymology: Kneria: From Kner, that studied fishes in the Imperial Museum of Vienna, with Jean Natterer (1817) (Ref. 45335); auriculata: Refers to the cup-shaped process of the operculum on the male (Ref. 13721).
More on author: Pellegrin.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 9°C - 26°C (Ref. 88978); 17°S - 25°S
Africa: most mountain and plateau tributaries of the Zambezi, Pungwe, Buzi, Sabi/Save and Runde/Lundi rivers (Ref. 83372) in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. Also in the upper Congo River basin (Lualaba, upper Lualaba, Lake Mweru and Luapula) (Ref. 45616) in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. A relict southern pocket occurs in the Crocodile (Incomati system), Transvaal (Ref. 7248, 52193). Identity of specimens from the Kafue and upper Zambezi requires confirmation (Ref. 52193). Not recorded from coastal areas (Ref. 5214).
非洲: 尚比西河下游， Pungwe ， Buzi 與辛巴威的賽姆與莫三比克的丘陵地溪流。 殘餘倖存者南方的口袋出現於鱷魚 (Incomati 系統) ，南非德蘭士瓦中。 標本從 Kafue 與尚比西河上游的鑑定需要證實。 也已知來自安哥拉與剛果。 (參考文獻 3565)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 5 - ? cm
Max length : 7.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 52193); 最大年齡: 2.50 年 (Ref. 7248)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 9-10; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 11.
Usually found in small headwater streams with fast water associated with rapids and a boulder stream floor, with or without aquatic vegetation (Ref. 12524). Shoals occur in pools of small, clear, silt-free, rocky streams; reported to breathe air and to climb over damp rocks and up the sides of waterfalls during migrations (Ref. 13721, 52959). Can tolerate living out of the water for a long time if conditions are damp (Ref. 246, 5214, 13721). Scrapes diatoms, algae, and detritus from rock surfaces and also takes small aquatic insects such as mayfly nymphs and midge larvae; matures after a year; breeds in spring and summer, larger females bear up to 600 eggs (Ref. 52959). Moves on to flooded grasslands during the rainy season (Ref. 12524, 13337). Males and females have been observed swimming together, apparently joined side by side by means of the males' opercular disc (Ref. 12524).
淺灘出現在小且清澈的﹐無淤泥﹐和岩石溪流的水池。 報告呼吸空氣而且在迴游的時候攀越潮溼的岩石並且向上到瀑布的側邊。 刮掉矽藻，藻類 , 與碎屑從岩石表面以及吃小的水生昆蟲例如孚游類蛹與蚊仔魚。 在一年之後成熟。 繁殖於春天與夏天, 較大的雌魚生產超過 600個卵。 (參考文獻 7248) 在雨季的時候轉移至被水淹沒的草地。 (參考文獻 13337)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Male and female have been observed swimming side by side apparently joined by the opercular organ of the male; this is probably an adaptation to ensure the efficient external fertilization of ova in a flowing water environment (Ref. 88978). Breeding appears to be correlated with the start and ending of the rainy season; possibly exhibits multiple spawning over a prolonged breeding season (Ref. 88978).非洲: 尚比西河下游， Pungwe ， Buzi 與辛巴威的賽姆與莫三比克的丘陵地溪流。 殘餘倖存者南方的口袋出現於鱷魚 (Incomati 系統) ，南非德蘭士瓦中。 標本從 Kafue 與尚比西河上游的鑑定需要證實。 也已知來自安哥拉與剛果。 (參考文獻 3565)
Poll, M., 1984. Kneriidae. p. 129-133. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3565)
人類使用
水族館: 潛在的
更多資訊
年龄/大小成長長度-重量長度-長度長度-頻率形態測量圖型態特徵仔魚稚魚動力學入添量豐度BRUVS
參考文獻養殖養殖資訊品種遺傳學Electrophoreses遺傳率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Lm=4.6-4.7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
