分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Vaillant & Bocourt.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 70 m (Ref. 9626), usually 18 - 55 m (Ref. 9626). 亞熱帶的; 18°N - 52°S, 83°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Panama and the Greater Antilles to Argentina. Including Lesser Antilles (Ref. 26938). Also reported in Nicaragua (Ref. 13613).
西大西洋: 巴拿馬與大安地列斯群島到阿根廷。 包括小安地列斯群島。 (參考文獻 26938) 也在尼加拉瓜報告。 (參考文獻 13613)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 25.1, range 15 - ? cm
Max length : 56.9 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 125970); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 2.2 kg (Ref. 125970)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 23-27; 臀棘 2; 臀鰭軟條: 9. Colour greyish above, silvery below. Without conspicuous spots, but with faint dark streaks along scale rows above lateral line. Pectoral-fin bases and upper rays slightly dark, pelvic and anal fins often yellowish, dorsal and caudal fins dusky with darker margin. Inside opercle darkish visible externally. Mouth large, oblique, lower jaw slightly projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Chin without barbel or pores, snout with only 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of horn-like anterior appendages. Sagitta (large earstone) moderately broad and thick, Lapillus (small earstone rudimentary. Scales large. Soft portion of dorsal-fin base covered with small scales up to 1/2 of fin height (Ref 51721).
顏色略灰色的上方, 下面銀色的。 沒有顯著的斑點, 但是有模糊的深色條紋沿著鱗片列在側線上面。 胸鰭基底與上面的鰭條些微黑, 腹鰭與臀鰭時常淡黃色的, 背鰭與尾鰭鰭暗色的具有深色邊緣。 在鰓蓋裡微暗的看得見的外部地。 嘴大的, 斜的, 下頜些微突出。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 沒有觸鬚或者孔的下巴,只吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對像觸角一樣的前肢。 矢耳石 (大的 earstone) 一般寬而厚的, 微石 (小的 earstone 不發達的。 鱗片大的。 背鰭基底的柔軟部位覆蓋著鰭高度 (參考文獻 51721) 的小鱗片向上到 1/2了。
Found over sand or mud bottoms from the coastline to about 60 m depth (Ref. 3702); rarely in waters with a depth of less than 18 m (Ref. 9626). Juveniles inhabit river estuaries (Ref. 3702). Oviparous, with high fecundity (Ref. 54358). Feed on fishes and crustaceans like crabs and shrimps (Ref. 35237). Important food fish (Ref. 3702).
發現在沙或泥底部上從海岸線到大約 60 公尺深;(參考文獻 3702) 極少在水域深度少於 18 公尺。 (參考文獻 9626) 稚魚棲息於河口。 (參考文獻 3702) 卵生的, 有高的孕卵數。 (參考文獻 54358) 捕食魚與甲殼動物如螃蟹與蝦。 (參考文獻 35237) 重要的食用魚.(參考文獻 3702)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 巴拿馬與大安地列斯群島到阿根廷。 包括小安地列斯群島。 (參考文獻 26938) 也在尼加拉瓜報告。 (參考文獻 13613)
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.3 - 27.9, mean 22.4 °C (based on 376 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00741 (0.00614 - 0.00895), b=3.07 (3.05 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Fec = 47,000).
Prior r = 1.00, 95% CL = 0.66 - 1.50, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 79.3 [45.0, 151.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.987 [0.527, 1.687] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.7, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.365 [0.220, 0.573] g/100g; Selenium = 25.1 [13.5, 47.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.6 [3.9, 33.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.788 [0.575, 1.138] mg/100g (wet weight);
