Main Ref. | Mikhail, M.Y. and H.E. Welch, 1989 |
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Remarks | Non-schooling (Ref. 28073). Lives close to the coast and is rarely found offshore, in deeper water (Ref. 1371). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on fishes, shrimps, crabs, euphausiids, squids, polychaetes, and echinoderms. There is probably competition between this species and Gadus morhua (Ref. 1371). Parasites of the species include sealworm (Phocanema decipiens) in flesh, copepod (Lernaeocera branchialis) on gills and cestode (Pyramicocephalus phocarum) in the intestine (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Mikhail, M.Y. and H.E. Welch, 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.78 | 0.19 | 3.58 | 0.57 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.47 | 1.07 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Mikhail, M.Y. and H.E. Welch, 1989 |