| Main Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Sensitive to temperature and light. Do not inhabit flowing waters of streams and rivers except at spawning time. Exhibit pronounced post-spawning mortality (Ref. 1998). Anadromous (Ref. 5951). It is preyed upon by mergansers, cormorants, gulls, crows, Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, brook trout, seals, lake trout, burbot, walleye and perch. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Parasites of the species include Brachyphallus crenatus, Derogenes varicus and Hemiurus appendiculatus (trematodes); Proteocephalus sp. (cestode); Phocanema decipiens and Phocanema sp. Larva from the stomach and intestine (nematodes); Leptorhyncoides thecatus in the musculature, viscera, body cavity and mesenteries (acanthocephalan); and a copepod, Ergasilus funduli in the gills (Ref. 5951). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.00 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
| From individual food items | 3.44 | 0.51 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Mills, E.L., R. O'Gorman, E.F. Roseman, C. Adams and R.W. Owens, 1995 | ||||