Main Ref. | Haedrich, R.L., 1984 |
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Remarks | Inshore species, usually in schools over muddy bottoms, associated with fish species like Nemipterus and Leiognathus. Feeds on ctenophores, salps, medusae, and other zooplankton groups. Western populations spawn from late winter through the summer with peaks from April to June. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Haedrich, R.L., 1984 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Haedrich, R.L., 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.30 | 0.06 | 3.12 | 0.37 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.23 | 0.42 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Dadzie, S., F. Abou-Seedo and E. Al-Qattan, 2000 |