Main Ref. | Livingston, P.A. and B.J. Goiney Jr., 1983 |
---|---|
Remarks | A resident intertidal species with homing behavior (Ref. 32612) found in shallow rocky areas (Ref. 2850). Commonly found in tide pools, often in algae (Ref. 2850). Can leave tide pools when aquatic conditions become inhospitable (Ref. 31184). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.13 | 0.22 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.16 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Boyle, K.S. and M.H. Horn, 2006 |