| Main Ref. | Delbeek, J.C. and D.D. Williams, 1988 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Occurs near shore in beds of vegetation, often around floating vegetation a short distance from shore. Rarely enters fresh water (Ref. 7251). Semipelagic, swimming near floating seaweed; prefers salinity of 7-14 ppt. Feeds on small invertebrates, small fishes and eggs. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; vegetation |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Parasites of the species include 4 monogeneans (genus Gyrodactylus), 1 trematode (Podocotyle atomon), 3 cestodes (Proteocephalus sp., Schistocephalus solidus and Ligula intestinalis) and 1 copepod (Thersitina gasterostei) (Ref. 5951). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Delbeek, J.C. and D.D. Williams, 1988 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Walsh, G. and G.J. Fitzgerald, 1984 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.28 | 0.09 | Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.31 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Walsh, G. and G.J. Fitzgerald, 1984 | ||||