Main Ref. | Hacunda, J.S., 1981 |
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Remarks | Prefers water with lower temperature, with a move inshore in winter and offshore into deeper water in summer. Decapod crustaceans and amphipods serve as important foods; also feeds on polychaetes, isopods, molluscs, fishes. Parasites of the species include: 3 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, nematode and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hacunda, J.S., 1981 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.61 | 0.13 | 3.44 | 0.39 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.10 | 0.30 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |