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Ecology of Hymenocephalus italicus
 
Main Ref. Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990
Remarks Leaves the bottom to feed in midwater (Ref. 41951). Most common at depths less than 500 m. Feeds predominantly on pelagic copepods, to a lesser extent on euphausiids and gammarian amphipods, and to a minor extent on shrimps, ostracods, cumaceans, other small crustaceans, and small fish.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Hymenocephalus italicus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990
Feeding habit variable
Feeding habit Ref. Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method Original sample Unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition 3.40 3.32 0.41 Troph of adults from 1 study.
From individual food items 3.41 0.53 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref. Macpherson, E., 1979
(e.g. 346)
(e.g. oophagy)
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