Main Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coastal rocky reef areas (Ref. 12460) and Posidonia oceanica beds. Like other sparids, it is very active and frequents the surf zone, primarily at dawn (Ref. 13780). Diurnal omnivore feeding on algae, sea-urchins, worms, gastropods and amphipods (Ref. 55064). Important predators of sea urchins in Azorean coastal habitats (Ref. 55064). Feeds on shellfish and other benthic invertebrates which it picks from the sediment (Ref. 5377). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Maigret, J. and B. Ly, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.38 | 0.09 | 3.03 | 0.22 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.24 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |