Main Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
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Remarks | Eurythermal. Gregarious when young. Voracious predator. High tolerance to salinity changes. Adults migrate to the estuaries in summer where they spawn in January-June. Young inhabit waters of 0.24-0.37% salinity where they feed mainly on zooplankton (Ref.. 11268). From 3.0 cm TL, diet changes to worms, crustaceans, fish larvae. Adults are strictly carnivorous surviving on small fish (Ref. 11243). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | FAO EastMed Project, 2013 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.79 | 0.60 | |||
From individual food items | 3.47 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Costa, M.J., 1988 |