Main Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
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Remarks | Found in coastal (Also Ref. 9773) waters, over sandy or muddy areas of lagoons, reef flats and tide pools; enters harbors (Ref. 9812). Schooling species, swim at various depths along reefs, to about 20 meters but usually much shallower (Ref. 48637). Associated with seagrass (Ref. 118046). Feed on detritus containing algae and microscopic animals, by scooping up the upper layer of sand or mud and filtering through the gills (Ref. 48637). Omnivorous (Ref. 6113). Form large schools before spawning (up to 1500 individuals (Ref. 9773)), at the beginning of the ebb tide (in June), over shallow, open areas of the lagoon slope (Ref. 9812). Feeds on plants, detritus and zooplankton (Refs. 275, 9773). Inhabits coral reefs. Either solitary or forms small groups (Ref. 9773). Also in Ref. 9137. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: reef flats; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
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Associations | solitary; schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., 1977 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 2.34 | 0.10 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |