Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coral reefs (Refs. 58534, 9773), coastal and oceanic waters associated with reefs (Ref. 9283). Commonly encountered on the edge of coral reefs. Young occurs in brackish water areas out to deeper coastal waters. Juveniles may be encountered in estuaries (Ref. 9283, 44894), occasionally entering rivers and penetrating well inland (Ref. 2847, 44894). Adults are found in coral reefs and are mostly active at night or during twilight periods. During the day they are usually seen milling in stationary aggregations (Ref. 44894). Occasionally enters rivers (Ref. 9283). Forms slow-moving schools in the passes or outside the reef during the day, dispersing at night to feed (Ref. 4795). Most feeding occurs at night or during twilight (Ref. 54301). Piscivore (Ref. 57615). Feeds mainly on fishes and crustaceans (Refs. 9283, 9773). Hunting predator (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.57 | 4.62 | 0.86 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.67 | 0.49 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994 |