Referencia principal | Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly, 1989 |
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Observaciones | Common in clear insular areas or in coral reefs off mainland coasts (Ref. 5217). Juveniles frequent areas with algae (e.g. Sargassum) (Ref. 26235). Usually in schools which may be spawning groups; occasionally solitary. Is a bentho-pelagic predator--feeds predominatly in the pelagic zone, although it can actively catch prey from the bottom (Ref. 43978). Piscivore (Ref. 57616). Cleaned by goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others), hogfish (Bodianus rufus), and wrasse (Thalassoma trifasciatum) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). Predominantly inhabits sandy substrates (Ref. 128694). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
Referencia | |
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Associations | solitary; schooling; |
Associated with | Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Tipo De Alimentación | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Hábito De Alimentación | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Muestra original | Población no pescada | Observación | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
De la composición de la dieta | 4.28 | 0.15 | 4.12 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 14 studies. |
De tipos individuales de alimento | 3.81 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Referencia | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |