| อ้างอิงหลัก | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Inhabits offshore waters over soft bottoms, often with boulders, from 25-590 m, but most common from 100-400 m (Ref. 4694). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds mainly on echinoderms, but also crustaceans, mollusks, fishes (Ref. 4694) and worms (Ref. 58426). In Barents sea, it reached at least 80 cm, age 9 years. Preyed upon by cod, pollock, and Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Parasites of the species include 1 myxosporidian, 1 cestode, 7 trematodes, 1 hirudinean, 1 crustacean and 1 protozoan, Trypanosoma murmanensis (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | shoaling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Shoaling assumed (with absence of information indicating structured grouping behavior) from large catches near spawning period. Large trawl catches of this species were reported in 1972; such records of large schools are unusual, making these large catches particularly noteworthy as the time of capture was close to the probable spawning season and may have been related to schooling for spawning (Ref. 94882). |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 3.45 | 0.43 | |||
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 3.84 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Munk, P., 2002 | ||||