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Hyporhamphus melanochir (Valenciennes, 1847)

Southern garfish
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Hyporhamphus melanochir   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Hyporhamphus melanochir (Southern garfish)
Hyporhamphus melanochir
Picture by CSIRO

Australia country information

Common names: Dusky garfish, Dusky sea garfish, Gardie
Occurrence: endemic
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Jones, G.K. and M. Kangas, 1987
Importance: commercial | Ref: Jones, G.K. and M. Kangas, 1987
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Commercial fishery: The largest fishery for southern sea garfish is in Gulf St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf (300-400 t a year from the gulfs), and around Kangaroo Island off South Australia (Ref. 27017). Other significant fisheries exist along the Victorian coast (mainly Port Phillip Bay, also Western Port and Corner Inlet) and Flinders Island and eastern Tasmania. There is a small fishery for southern sea garfish in the estuaries of south-western Australia. The garfish catch in Victorian waters consists of a mixture of southern sea garfish and river garfish, Hyporhamphus regularis. Southern sea garfish comprise most of the garfish catch from the more marine bays and inlets (eg Port Phillip Bay, where the average annual catch is around 82 t)(Ref. 26431), and river garfish are dominant in brackish inlets and estuaries (eg the Gippsland Lakes). In South Australia, southern sea garfish are caught between November and June in Spencer Gulf and between March and July in Gulf St. Vincent. There are large monthly fluctuations in catch rates (Ref. 27017). Most southern sea garfish catches in Port Phillip Bay are taken in late summer. Southern sea garfish are marketed fresh chilled, either whole or as butterfly fillets. They are also used as bait by recreational anglers; and small quantities are sold for 'sashimi' (raw fish) through the Sydney Fish Market. Recreational fishery: Southern sea garfish is a popular target fish for recreational anglers, especially during summer and early autumn (Ref. 27013). They are caught with handlines from shore, boats and jetties, with bait nets in Western Australia and Queensland and dab nets in South Australia. Southern sea garfish are the second most commonly angled fish after flathead (Platycephalidae) in Port Phillip Bay, especially over the summer months (Ref. 27018). Resource status: As of 1993, the status of sea garfish resources was unknown in most States. In South Australia, there was evidence that excessive effort in the winter fishery for southern sea garfish in Gulf St. Vincent had adversely affected the summer fishery. The effect of seagrass bed degradation throughout the species' ranges could affect the resource status, as it appears to have affected garfish numbers in parts of Port Phillip Bay. Also Ref. 2156, 7300.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

南澳下鱵鱼, Mustamelanokkakala, Western sea garfish, ... more

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Beloniformes (Needle fishes) > Hemiramphidae (Halfbeaks)
Etymology: Hyporhamphus: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, rhamphos = beak, bill (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ; Mức độ sâu 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6390).   Temperate; 27°S - 44°S

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Eastern Indian Ocean: Endemic to Australian temperate waters (Murchison River, Kalbarri in Western Australia to Eden, New South Wales, including Tasmania).

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: Lm ?, range 25 - ? cm
Max length : 52.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 10988); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 600.00 g (Ref. 6390); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 10 các năm (Ref. 27011)

Short description Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng): 0; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng): 15-18; Tia cứng vây hậu môn 0; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 17 - 20; Động vật có xương sống: 55 - 61. Gill rakers usually 33 or less on the first arch and usually 26 or less on the second arch. Relatively shorter upper and lower jaw, especially at larger sizes.

Sinh học     Tự điển (thí dụ epibenthic)

Found inshore in surface waters of estuaries, bays, inlets and gulfs to a depth of about 20 m (Ref. 9563). In the South Australian gulfs, southern sea garfish may be found in deeper waters during the colder months (Ref. 27008). Generally herbivorous, seagrasses and algal filaments comprise about 75% of their food (Refs. 26551, 27013). Form schools, generally found near the surface at night and close to the bottom over seagrass beds during the day (Ref. 6390). Post-larvae or young fish less than 1-year-old live in estuaries from March to July then move to inshore marine waters, remaining there for up to 2 years (Ref. 27012).

Life cycle and mating behavior Chín muồi sinh dục | Sự tái sinh sản | Đẻ trứng | Các trứng | Sự sinh sản | Ấu trùng

Viviparous (Ref. 205).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối : Collette, Bruce B. | Người cộng tác

Collette, B.B., 1974. The garfishes (Hemiramphidae) of Australia and New Zealand. Records of the Australian Museum 29(2):11-105. (Ref. 10988)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Not Evaluated 

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless




Human uses

Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; mồi: usually
FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14.3 - 22.3, mean 17.6 (based on 324 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00257 (0.00115 - 0.00574), b=3.09 (2.91 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278):  2.7   ±0.27 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179):  Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.51-0.77; tm=2-3; tmax=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Unknown.